Treccani History of Science
Science in Islamic civilization
C1 – Material and intellectual conditions for the emergence of science
Edited by Roshdi Rashed
The sciences in classical Islam and the periodisation of the history of science
Science and philosophy in the late Hellenism
• 1. The Greek schools
• 2. Philosophy and sciences in the Syriac tradition of Eastern Christianity
• 3. The Iranian tradition and the Indian contribution
Transmission and translation
• 1. For a new approach
• 2. Learned transmission: a myth and some truths
• 3. Translation and research: a multifaceted dialectic
• 4. Translation and recurrent reading: the case of Diophantus
• 5. Translation as a vector of research: the Apollonius’ project
• 6. Ancient testimonies on the translation-research dialectic: the case of the Almagest
Kalām and natural philosophy
• 1. The Kalām and the emergence of geometric atomism
• 2. The physics of the impetus and the end of the Aristotelian Cosmos
Philosophy and science
Linguistics and lexicography
• 1. From primitive grammar to the first systematic grammar: Sībawayh
• 2. The beginnings of pedagogical methodology and the evolution of a theory of grammar
• 3. Grammar as science: the Baṣran and Kūfan Schools and the controversy with logic
• 4. The assimilation of grammar to law in the scholastic mode
• 5. Grammar since the Middle Ages
• 6. Lexicography
Algebra and linguistics. The beginnings of combinatorial analysis
• 1. Linguistics and combinatorics
• 2. Algebraic and combinatorial calculus
• 3. Research on arithmetic and combinatorics
• 4. Philosophy and combinatorics
• 5. A treatise on combinatorial analysis
• 6. On the history of combinatorial analysis
Cryptology and cryptoanalysis
• 1. Cryptology principles mentioned in Arabic manuscripts
• 2. Factors stimulated the birth of cryptology
• 3. Scholars in cryptology and their achievements
• 4. The role of the Islamic school in the history of cryptology
• 5. Major types of encipherment and algorithms for cryptoanalysis mentioned by Arab authors
• 6. Cryptology and its relation to mathematics
Historiography
• 1. An ambivalent attitude towards history
• 2. The conceptual bases
• 3. History and law
• 4. Historiographical genres
Institutions of science
• 1. Library based transmission of learning: 8th–12th Century
• 2. Madrasa–bīmāristān model: 12th–13th Century
• 3. The observatory–madrasa model: 13th–14th Century
• 4. The convergence of different traditions
• 5. The ultimate integration: 15th–16th Century
The astronomical observatories
• 1. The first institutions: al-Maʾmūn and the observatories in Baghdad and Damascus
• 2. The reasons for the foundation of the observatories
• 3. After al-Maʾmūn: private activities and official support
Hospitals
• 1. Geographical distribution
• 2. Organization and typologies
Writing aids
• 1. The papyrus
• 2. The parchment
• 3. Paper
The hierarchies of knowledge