Treccani History of Science
The Nineteenth Century
H5 – Biology
Edited by Guido Cimino
From the 18th Century to the 19th Century: The emergence of biology as an autonomous science
• 1. The embarrassing discoveries
• 2. The anti-mechanical manifestos
• 3. The identification of the biological field
• 4. The early biology
New Institutions
• 1. The establishment of biological disciplines at universities
• 2. Museums
• 3. Botanical gardens, laboratories and institutes
• 4. Aquariums and biological stations
• 5. Zoological gardens and acclimatization stations
• 6. Biological associations and journals
• 7. Alexander von Humboldt’s Kosmos
Morphology, systematics and transformist theories in Germany
• 1. The reception of morphology in botany
• 2. Typological morphology in biomedicine and zoology
• 3. The emergence of causal morphology in the second half of the 19th century
Morphology, systematics and transformist theories in France
• 1. Morphology and classification
• 2. The problem of evolution
Transcendental morphology in Great Britain
Biogeography and ecology
• 1. Voyages of discovery.
• 2. Phytogeography, Zoogeography, and Ecology
Botany and vegetable taxonomy
• 1. Ways to a natural classification of the plant kingdom
• 2. The first natural systems of phanerogams
• 3. The development of the natural systems of ‘cryptogams’
• 4. Natural systematics under the influence of the theory of evolution