Treccani History of Science
The second Scientific Revolution
I10 – Biology, medicine and society
Edited by Gilberto Corbellini, Daniel J. Kevles
From cellular pathology to molecular pathology
• 1. The cancer problem
• 2. The cellular problem of inflammation
• 3. The rise of immunopathology
• 4. Molecular pathology
Tropical medicine
• 1. Origins of the discipline
• 2. Identification and transmission of parasites
Epidemiology
• 1. Statistics and human diseases
• 2. The hygienic context and the bacteriological turning point
• 3. Microorganisms or malnutrition: the case of pellagra
• 4. Mathematics, biometrics and epidemiology
• 5. Epidemiology in the twentieth century
The development of diagnostic techniques and methods
• 1. Clinical diagnostic laboratories
• 2. New investigations methods and the discovery of X-rays
• 3. Professionalization
• 4. The clinical chemistry
Nineteenth century surgery
• 1. A time for innovation
• 2. A transitional phase
• 3. The Great Instauration of operative surgery
• 4. Years of glory and transition
• 5. Facing new challenges with physiology and pharmacology
• 6. The impact of new technologies and of the assessment of results
Drug development
• 1. Antibacterial drugs
• 2. Steroids
• 3. Drugs that act on the Cns
• 4. Receptors: agonists and antagonists
• 5. Enzyme inhibitors
• 6. Drugs that interact with DNA or alter cell signalling pathways
The genesis of vaccinology
• 1. The legacy of vaccinology
• 2. Moleculerisation of the vaccinology
• 3. The role of industry
• 4. The social dimension
Epidemiological transition and health transition
• 1. The health transition in developed countries
• 2. The health transition in developing and least developed countries
From eugenics to human and medical genetics
• 1. Eugenics and the Mendelian theory of heredity
• 2. Development and diffusion of eugenic theories
• 3. 'Positive' and 'negative' eugenic
• 4. The reforming eugenicists
• 5. Crisis of eugenic doctrines
• 6. Towards medical genetics
• 7. Prenatal diagnosis
Internationalisation in public health and medicine
• 1. The new medical and health approach
• 2. The role of international organisations
Human experimentation: Uses, abuses and the rise of regulation
• 1. The first experiments on human
• 2. The abuses of experimentation during Nazism
• 3. The regulation of the practice
From medical ethics to bioethics
• 1. Codes of professional ethics
• 2. Between the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
• 3. Bioethics
Public and private patronage of biological and medical research
• 1. First research funding
• 2. American philanthropy
• 3. International foundations
Hospital and university: 1870-1970
• 1. The American and European situation
• 2. The new ways of collaboration
Medical education
• 1. The rise of the modern medical school
• 2. The ascendancy of American medical education
• 3. Graduate medical education
• 4. Evolution and growth
Medical imaging
• 1. X rays
• 2. New diagnostic techniques
The pharmaceutical industry
• 1. Emergence of a new industrial sector
• 2. Antibiotics and the pharmaceutical 'Golden Era'
• 3. Social reassessment, regulation and growth
• 4. Market challenges, patients/activists and industry consolidation
Agricultural biology
• 1. Social impact and changing agriculture
• 2. Plant and animal breeding as the source of genetic science
• 3. Impact of genetic theory on breeding practice
• 4. Theoretical, practical, cultural and political obstacles
• 5. Revolution in theory and practices of nutrition
• 6. Vitamins, hormones and other essential growth factors
• 7. Economics and biology in agricultural science
• 8. The great Soviet experiment in agriculture
• 9. The green revolution
Environmental biology
• 1. The origins of ecology
• 2. Succession, depression and social ecology
• 3. Ecosystems and social systems
• 4. The rise of politico-ecologists